Ulysses was serialized in the United States and England before Sylvia Beach, of the bookstore Shakespeare & Co. Joyce’s novels, with their innovative language, use of dialogue, characteristic modernist forms, and social frankness, met with resistance when they first appeared in print.
The family was living in Zurich when Joyce died. During World War I the family lived in Zurich, moving to Paris after the war, and then to the South of France before the Nazi invasion. He lived in Trieste with his partner and later wife, Nora Barnacle, and their children. Upon graduation, Joyce moved to Paris and, after 1904, returned to Ireland only sporadically. He attended a Jesuit school until his parents could not afford the tuition, and then Belvedere College (where he was awarded tuition) and University College, Dublin. His collections of poetry include Chamber Music (1907) and Pomes Penyeach (1927). One of the most influential and innovative writers of the 20th century, James Joyce was the author of the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Ulysses (1922), and Finnegans Wake (1939).
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